LGBTQIA+ Populations

Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals

As it stands, the term “sexual minority” refers to individuals such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, or pansexual persons whose sexual orientation differs from the heterosexual norm. The term “gender minority” refers to individuals such as transgender and non-binary individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth, while cisgender refers to individuals whose gender identity aligns with their sex assigned at birth. The research presented here on gender minorities is limited and tends to focus on transgender individuals.  

Here, we will use the following acronyms: sexual minority (SM), sexual and gender minority (SGM), lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB), lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT), and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and more identities (LGBTQ+). The terms sexual minorities and LGB, and sexual and gender minorities and LGBT/LGBTQ+, are often used interchangeably in this research.  
 

Tobacco use associated morbidity and mortality 

  • The percentage of adults identifying as LGBTQ+ has more than doubled over the past decade from 3.5% in 2012 to 7.2% in 2022, or approximately 24 million individuals.1 

  • The current prevalence of any tobacco use among SM adults based on data from the National Health Interview Survey is 27.4% compared to 18.4% among those who identify as heterosexual/straight.2 A recent systematic review of 30 existing studies on tobacco use among SM subgroups showed that the prevalence of current cigarette use is higher among bisexual women (37.7%), lesbian women (31.7%), gay men (30.5%), and bisexual men (30.1%), compared to heterosexual women (16.6%) and heterosexual men (21.0%).3  

  • The prevalence of tobacco use is linked with intersectionality and varies across SM subgroups.4 The risk of tobacco use is heightened at the intersection of race, gender identity, and sexual minority status. Smoking risk is 21% higher among White, 55% higher among Black, 119% higher among Hispanic/Latinx, and 145% higher among multiracial/other race SM women compared to White heterosexual women.5 

  • Few studies have examined rates of tobacco use among transgender individuals.6 The most recent study using data from a nationally representative sample of adults collected between 2016 and 2018 shows that transgender individuals are significantly more likely to report current use of any tobacco product (50.33% vs 23.35%), cigarettes (42.98% vs 19.15%), e-cigarettes (15.18% vs 4.61%), and cigars (18.55% vs 5.61%) compared to cisgender counterparts.7  

  • In an impact analysis, gay and bisexual men died from HIV/AIDS-related causes at a higher rate than smoking-related causes between 2005-2014.8 However, it is estimated that smoking-related deaths will surpass HIV-related deaths in the upcoming decades among gay and bisexual men.8 Similar studies on the health toll of smoking among other SGM populations are lacking.  

  • Due to concurrent tobacco use, drug use, and mental health-related factors, SGM individuals are at an increased risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, and many cancer types (such as lung, oral, and digestive).9,10,11,12 

  • Despite higher smoking rates among the LGBT community, their intentions to quit smoking are comparable to those of the general population.13,14 

 

Patterns of tobacco use 

  • Bisexual men and women exhibit a higher risk for tobacco use, as well as earlier onset of smoking compared to lesbian and gay counterparts.3,4,13 These disparities are heightened among women: bisexual women are on average over a year younger at the time of their first cigarette, smoke 7 cigarettes more per day, and have double the odds of nicotine dependence compared to heterosexual women.13 

  • A disproportionate amount of SM females prefer menthol cigarettes over regular cigarettes.15,16 SM females are two times more likely to report past 30-day menthol cigarette use compared to heterosexual women (lesbian/gay 14.83%, bisexual 18.27%, and heterosexual 6.98%).15 Over 50% of SM women who smoke prefer to smoke menthol over regular cigarettes, compared to 43% of heterosexual women and 39% of the general population.15 Menthol cigarette use is associated with increased cigarette dependence and worse cessation outcomes.16 

 

Reasons for high rates of tobacco use  

  • LGBT individuals have a higher prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders compared to their heterosexual counterparts.17-19 The minority stress model attributes these disparities to the excess stress stemming from experiences of discrimination,20,21 victimization (particularly during childhood),22 internalized homophobia,23 and psychological distress,2 which may be associated with increased use of substances among marginalized populations.18   

  • SM individuals have high rates of other substance use, which may be linked with tobacco use.17,24 In a nationally representative sample of SM subgroups, there was a high prevalence of opioid use (prescription opioids and heroin), binge drinking, and stimulant use (cocaine and methamphetamines) compared to their heterosexual counterparts.24 

  • Past year cannabis use is significantly higher among gay men (40.8%) and bisexual men (42.9%) compared to straight men (23.9%), as well as among lesbian women (39.0%) and bisexual women (45.9%) compared to straight women (17.5%).25 

  • In a nationally representative sample of adults, LGB individuals had a higher prevalence of past-year anxiety disorders, mood disorders.19  

  • An analysis of national data revealed that over two-thirds of LGBT adults experience discrimination in their lifetime.20,22,26 

  • LGB adults who reported experiences of discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender, and race were four times more likely to have a substance use disorder in the past year than adults who did not report experiences of discrimination.20 Conversely, LGB adults who reported no lifetime discrimination showed similar rates to that of heterosexual adults.20 

  • When it comes to tobacco use, the relationship is similar. Experiences of structural discrimination (related to housing, education, and work) are associated with increased smoking among a nationally representative sample of transgender individuals.26 

  • Among SM individuals, experiences of past-year sexual orientation discrimination were associated with a greater probability of cigarette smoking and any tobacco use disorder compared to those with lower levels or no experiences with discrimination.21 

  • There is a longstanding history of the Tobacco Industry targeting LGBT populations through aggressive marketing campaigns, community outreach, promotions, and funding.10,23,27,28 

  • In 1995, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company initiated Project SCUM, a deliberate plan to increase cigarette sales among gay men in the San Francisco Castro District and unhoused individuals in the Tenderloin.28 

  • In recent years, national data has shown that LGBT individuals are disproportionately exposed to pro-tobacco media and tobacco product advertising compared to non-LGBT counterparts. LGBT individuals are also less likely to be exposed to anti-tobacco content and resources.28,29 

 

Barriers to quitting 

  • System and structural barriers 

  • LGBT individuals face healthcare barriers such as higher rates of provider discrimination,30,31 reduced access to treatment, and barriers to access health insurance, 32,33 which may negatively impact access to cessation services and tobacco treatment.  

  • Few smoking cessation interventions reflect the lived experiences of LGBT individuals and are implemented by LGBT providers.14,30 There is also limited healthcare provider training to increase competency and comfort in addressing LGBT-specific health issues.31 

  • Individual level-barriers 

  • Compared to heterosexual counterparts, SM adults who have never used substances perceive lower risks associated with multiple substance use behaviors, including smoking more than one pack of cigarettes a day.34   

  • Community-level barriers 

  • SGM individuals are at higher risk for health issues including HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, mental health challenges, and non-tobacco-related substance use (alcohol, drugs, opioids) which might take precedence over concerns related to tobacco use.35 

  • Environmental barriers 

  • Overall, LGBT individuals are more frequently exposed to second-hand smoke compared to non-LGBT counterparts,36,37 which reduces the likelihood of smoking cessation.38 
     

LGBTQI + Youth and tobacco use 

  • In 2022, 11.3% of middle and high school students (3.08 million) reported current tobacco use, including 16.0% who identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and 16.6% who identified as transgender).39 

  • Discrimination based on sexual orientation peaks during adolescence at age 18 (26.9%) and decreases with age.40 

  • According to nationally representative data, LGBT, Black, and Hispanic adolescents are more likely to engage with at least one form of online tobacco marketing compared to heterosexual and White counterparts, increasing their risk of initiating smoking.41,42  

  • Negative environmental factors such as LGBT victimization,43 school-based violence,44 and the number of perceived rejecting reactions,45 are associated with increased tobacco use among LGBT youth. Characteristics of a more supportive social environment such as greater frequency of LGBT community events, higher quality youth organizations, and anti-discrimination policies are associated with reduced tobacco use among LGBT youth.46,47 

 

Promising approach to quitting 

  • Concordant care, with LGBTQ+ providers caring for LGBTQ+ individuals, can increase feelings of comfort and trust in healthcare settings for SGM populations.48,49 However, due to a lack of available LGBTQ+ providers, concordant care is not always an option.49 Diversifying the healthcare workforce30 and implementing LGBTQ+ health education programs for students and providers can improve access to culturally competent care for LGBTQ+ patients.30,50    

  • LGBTQ+ individuals have emphasized the importance of tailoring smoking cessation interventions to meet their needs.51,52 LGBTQ+-tailored interventions should include participants and counselors who identify with LGBTQ+ identities, focus on centering lived experiences, take place in LGBTQ+-safe spaces, and encourage connections among LGBTQ+ individuals.52  

  • A recent randomized controlled trial of a 90-day smoking cessation Facebook intervention, the Put it Out Project, highlights the potential for culturally tailored interventions to improve smoking cessation rates among SGM individuals. The intervention included surface-level tailoring that included pictures and symbols representative of SGM populations, and deep-level tailoring that included cultural context and experiences (e.g., tobacco industry targeted marketing). SGM participants in the LGBTQ+-tailored Facebook intervention were three times as likely as those in the non-tailored group to self-report abstinence at 6 months post-intervention (34.5% vs 12.3%).53  

  • However, results from other recent randomized control trials suggest that SGM-tailored interventions yield comparable smoking cessation outcomes to non-tailored interventions but are more accessible and preferable to SGM individuals.54-58 This underscores the need for further research into how tailored approaches can improve cessation rates.  

  • Findings from eight studies on anti-tobacco media campaigns for LGBT individuals indicate that topics such as personal health, cost, the health of loved ones, and addiction prevalence are most resonant to LGBT smoking individuals.14  

  • Partnerships with SGM communities to tackle the primary drivers of tobacco disparities, such as lower perceived smoking risk, might include collaborations with community organizations at LGBTQ+ events, educational campaigns and media initiatives that highlight lived experiences, and joint advocacy efforts with community leaders for policy changes.10,28,31 

  • The implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free air policy in communities could help reduce smoking rates and exposure among the SGM community.14,31,59 For example, smoke-free community policies in Missouri were linked to lower smoking prevalence (19% vs 25%) and greater intention to quit smoking (94% vs 76%) among SGM populations.60  

 

References

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2 Cornelius, M. E. et al. State-Specific Prevalence of Adult Tobacco Product Use and Cigarette Smoking Cessation Behaviors, United States, 2018-2019. Prev Chronic Dis 20, E107 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd20.230132 

3 Li, J. et al. Tobacco Use at the Intersection of Sex and Sexual Identity in the U.S., 2007-2020: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med 60, 415-424 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.09.006 

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6 Kidd, J. D. et al. A scoping review of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use treatment interventions for sexual and gender minority populations. J Subst Abuse Treat 133, 108539 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108539 

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10 Acosta-Deprez, V. et al. Tobacco Control as an LGBTQ+ Issue: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Recommendations from LGBTQ+ Community Leaders. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115546 

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16 Goodwin, R. D. et al. Menthol Cigarette Use Among Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes, 2008-2020: Rapid Growth and Widening Inequities in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res 25, 692-698 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac214 

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21 McCabe, S. E. et al. Sexual Orientation Discrimination and Tobacco Use Disparities in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res 21, 523-531 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx283 

22 Hughes, T., McCabe, S. E., Wilsnack, S. C., West, B. T. & Boyd, C. J. Victimization and substance use disorders in a national sample of heterosexual and sexual minority women and men. Addiction 105, 2130-2140 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03088.x 

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27 Smith, E. A. & Malone, R. E. The outing of Philip Morris: advertising tobacco to gay men. Am J Public Health 93, 988-993 (2003). https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.6.988 

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29 Emory, K., Buchting, F. O., Trinidad, D. R., Vera, L. & Emery, S. L. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) View it Differently Than Non-LGBT: Exposure to Tobacco-related Couponing, E-cigarette Advertisements, and Anti-tobacco Messages on Social and Traditional Media. Nicotine Tob Res 21, 513-522 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty049 

30 Casanova-Perez, R. et al. Broken down by bias: Healthcare biases experienced by BIPOC and LGBTQ+ patients. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2021, 275-284 (2021).  

31 Matthews, P. A. et al. SBM recommends policy support to reduce smoking disparities for sexual and gender minorities. Transl Behav Med 8, 692-695 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibx017 

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33 Charlton, B. M. et al. Sexual orientation-related disparities in employment, health insurance, healthcare access and health-related quality of life: a cohort study of US male and female adolescents and young adults. BMJ Open 8, e020418 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020418 

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35 Boynton, M. H., Gilbert, J., Shook-Sa, B. E. & Lee, J. G. L. Perceived Importance of Health Concerns Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults in a National, Probability-Based Phone Survey, 2017. Health Promot Pract 21, 764-768 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839920908226 

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37 Fallin, A., Neilands, T. B., Jordan, J. W. & Ling, P. M. Secondhand smoke exposure among young adult sexual minority bar and nightclub patrons. Am J Public Health 104, e148-153 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301657 

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60 Wintemberg, J., McElroy, J. A., Ge, B. & Everett, K. D. Can Smoke-Free Policies Reduce Tobacco Use Disparities of Sexual and Gender Minorities in Missouri? Nicotine Tob Res 19, 1308-1314 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx078